A Basic vocabulary of probably Proto-Punjabi-Hindi language

The list of words was formed in the previous article on the base of the modern Punjabi, Hindi and Persian words. A list of true cognates is formed in this article for the reconstruction of the Proto-Punjabi-Hindi language of the Middle Asia. According to the suggestion, the Proto-Punjabi (at short) was on the territory between Iran and India, it is a land of modern Pakistan. This Proto-language is theoretical but according to my idea, the land of Pakistan couldn’t be without any proto-language.

        The Appendix 1 contains a hundred of the Punjabi words and their translations onto Persian and Hindi. Cells of the table which are marked with the yellow color show close pronunciations of the words. Marked cells form the series of words which shows relations between the Punjabi, Persian and Hindi languages. Punjabi and Hindi are the languages from Indo-Aryan family and Persian is from Indo-Iranian and these similarities are shown clearly in the Appendix 1.

According Appendix 1, the Appendix 2 is formed and it shows changings in manner of pronunciation for the marked words. These changings are formed from the base Old Indo-Aryan language  It was from 300 BC and Hindi was formed by the Vedic language from the 1^st millennium AD. If Sanskrit is very old language, Hindi (Hindustani) is a dialect of Sauraseni and was formed after the 10^th century. An idea is Hindi which was a dialect older than Punjabi and it is a base language in the farther analyze.

Appendix 1

Translation	Punjabi	Persian	Hindi
I	main	i > none man	main
thou	m > n tūn	u > none tu	tum
this	s > h ih	s > n in	is
that	s > h uh		us
who	kaun	aun > e ke	kaun
what	ya > ee kī		kya
not	nahīn		nahin
all	none > h sabh		sab
one	e > i, k > kk ikk	k > l e > ye yel	ek
two	do	do	do
long	lamba		lamba
small	h > none choṭa		chhota
man (adult male)	ādami		aadamee
dog	kutta		kutta
louse	jūn		joon
seed	j > none, ee > i bi		beej
leaf	ee > a patta		pattee
root	d > r jar		jad
bark	aa > i chhill		chhaal
meat	n > none mās		maans
bone	ee > I (?) haddi		haddee
fire	aa > a, g > gg agg		aag
egg	anda		anda
horn	ee > i (?) sing		seeng
tail	pūnchh		poonchh
fish	ch > chch alee > i machchhi	ch > none, alee > i mAhi	machhalee
head	sir	I > a sar	sir
ear	aa > a, n > nn kann		kaan
eye	n > k, aa > a akkh		aankh
fingernail	none > un, kh > h nahun	none > un nakhun	nakh
nose	aa > a, k > kk nakk		naak
mouth	u > uu mūnh		munh
tooth	aa > a, t > d dand		daant
tongue	u > ee, aan > h jībh		jubaan
foot	pair	air > A (aa) pA	pair
hand	aa > a, t > tt hatth		haath
breast	chhāti	piston	stan
heart	dil	l > g dig	dil
liver	jigar	jigar	jigar
drink	pīna		peena
eat	khāna		khaana
bite	kattna		kaatana
see	a > none dekhna		dekhana
hear	n > nn sunna		sunana
know	n > nn jānna		jaanana
sleep	sauna		sona
die	rana > ma marna	ana > dan mardan	marana
kill	mārna		maarana
swim	rana > ma tairna		tairana
fly (v.)	d > dd, a > none uddna		udana
come	a > u auna		aana
sit	iya > na baithna		baithiye
stand	d > m kharna		khada
give	dena	ena > Adan dAdan	dena
say	a > i kahina		kahana
moon	aa > a chand		chaand
star	tāra		taara
water	pāni		paanee
rain		ish > An bArAn	baarish
stone	patthar		patthar
sand	none > a reta	et > ig rig	ret
cloud	aa > a, d > dd baddal		baadal
smoke	u > uu dhūān		dhuaan
road	d > r sarak		sadak
red	lāl		laal
green	hara		hara
yellow	pīla		peela
black	ee > a kāla		kaalee
night	rāt		raat
warm	garam	a > none garm	garam
cold		ee > none sard	sardee
full	n > a pūra	uu > u, m > r pur	poorn
new	ya > vaan navān	ya > u nau	naya
round	gol	gird	gol
dry	oo > u, kh > kk, sukka	khushk	sookha
name	nām	nAm	naam

Resources,

Google Translator,

Digital Dictionsries of South Asia,

Punjabi101.

This article was written by Ilya Duchanin.

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